Constipation and diarrhea have also been reported. Case reports exist of allergy to pectin (a component of grapefruit) and pectin-induced asthma. Reports of adverse reactions associated with grapefruit consumption are limited and largely related to drug interactions. Grapefruit juice has been reported to interact with numerous drugs. Consumption of grapefruit juice increases naringenin levels in breast milk. Safety of amounts greater than those in foods are unproven. Grapefruit has "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) status when used as food, according to the US Food and Drug Administration.
The potential for drug interactions with grapefruit should be considered in cases in which an increase or decrease of the coadministered drug is clinically important. In patients with major myocardial structural disorders, pink grapefruit should be avoided due to proarrhythmic effects. In a meta-analysis evaluating effects on body weight, fresh grapefruit, grapefruit juice, or grapefruit capsules (with naringin dosages of the formulations ranging from 81 to 142 mg) were administered for 6 or 12 weeks in the included randomized controlled trials.
GRAPEFRUIT SEED EXTRACT PREGNANCY TRIAL
Weight and related parameters: 8 oz (237 mL) of grapefruit juice, or half of a fresh grapefruit, 3 times a day before each meal for 12 weeks was used in a clinical trial evaluating effects on body weight and metabolic syndrome. Periodontitis: 2 grapefruits per day for 2 weeks were consumed in a trial evaluating effects on vitamin C status of patients with periodontitis. In one cohort of women, 2 to 4 servings per week or 5 or more servings per week of grapefruit (1 serving of grapefruit was one-half of a grapefruit) also reduced risk. In a trial of healthy postmenopausal women, 340 mL/day (providing 201 mg/day of naringenin) of grapefruit juice was administered for 6 months to evaluate effects on arterial stiffness.ĭiabetes risk: Pooled results from 3 prospective longitudinal cohort studies (N=187,382 3,464,641 person-years of follow-up) reported consumption of 2 to 4 servings per week of grapefruit to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Fresh grapefruit, grapefruit juice, and grapefruit capsules for 6 or 12 weeks, with naringin doses of the formulations ranging from 81 to 142 mg/day, have been used in randomized controlled trials evaluating effects on cardiovascular risk factors in obese adults. Quality clinical trials upon which to base therapeutic dosing recommendations for grapefruit are limited.Ĭardiovascular risk factors: 1 grapefruit daily for 30 days has been used in a clinical trial to improve lipid profiles.
Consumption of whole grapefruit has been shown in several analyses to provide improved benefits compared to the juice. Antimicrobial effects have been reported. Some trials also demonstrate reductions in body fat and waist circumference but data regarding use for weight loss are equivocal. Limited data suggest potential benefit for certain patient populations in reducing the risk of renal stones and type 2 diabetes, as well as some cardiovascular risk factors (including improvement in systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and arterial stiffness). High-quality clinical trials are lacking to support therapeutic applications of grapefruit and grapefruit juice. Scientific Name(s): Citrus paradisi Macfad.
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